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1. Support information	=>	support-information-nl5gdn

1.1. Supported operating systems and languages	=>	supported-operating-systems-a5n2x4

1.2. Where to get support	=>	where-to-get-support-2s9na5

2. Installation	=>	installing-phusion-passenger-hn03ac

2.1. Synopsis	=>	synopsis-1uu3sqp

2.2. Installing or upgrading on Mac OS X with Homebrew	=>	installing-or-upgrading-on-mac-os-x-with-homebrew-13ovvy9

2.3. Installing or upgrading on Debian or Ubuntu	=>	installing-or-upgrading-on-ubuntu-fw5fvp

2.3.1. Adding our APT repository	=>	adding-our-apt-repository-p60cki

2.3.2. Installing packages	=>	installing-packages-j9glez

2.3.3. Inserting passenger_root into nginx.conf	=>	inserting-passenger-root-into-nginx-conf--1pmj19o

2.4. Installing or upgrading on Red Hat or CentOS	=>	installing-or-upgrading-on-red-hat-fedora-centos-or-scientificlinux-1uus5a1

2.4.1. Adding our YUM repository	=>	adding-our-yum-repository-2i9z9o

2.4.2. Installing packages	=>	installing-packages-1actlet

2.5. Installing or upgrading on Heroku	=>	installing-or-upgrading-on-heroku-jh07kr

2.6. Generic installation, upgrade and downgrade method: via RubyGems	=>	generic-installation-upgrade-and-downgrade-method-via-rubygems-76uol7

2.7. Generic installation, upgrade and downgrade method: via tarball	=>	generic-installation-upgrade-and-downgrade-method-via-tarball-2gkx43

2.8. Upgrading from open source to Enterprise	=>	upgrading-from-open-source-to-enterprise-1a58c2b

2.9. Cryptographic verification of installation files	=>	cryptographic-verification-of-installation-files-2goray

2.9.1. Synopsis	=>	synopsis-4fv6zw

2.9.2. Importing the Phusion Software Signing key	=>	importing-the-phusion-software-signing-key-1qfpaj4

2.9.3. Verifying the Phusion Software Signing key	=>	verifying-the-phusion-software-signing-key-i7f1vj

2.9.4. Verifying the gem and tarball	=>	verifying-the-gem-and-tarball-dr9466

2.9.5. Verifying Git signatures	=>	verifying-git-signatures-dyo4fk

2.9.6. Verifying DEB and RPM packages	=>	verifying-deb-and-rpm-packages-1ed36d5

2.9.7. Revocation	=>	revocation-xwvhea

2.10. Non-interactive, automatic, headless installs or upgrades	=>	non-interactive-automatic-headless-installs-or-upgrades-834ymv

2.11. Customizing the compilation process	=>	customizing-the-compilation-process-u4cdcf

2.11.1. Setting the compiler	=>	setting-the-compiler-1l6dpe1

2.11.2. Adding additional compiler or linker flags	=>	adding-additional-compiler-or-linker-flags-1jehjon

2.11.3. Forcing location of command line tools and dependencies	=>	forcing-location-of-certain-command-line-tools-1j93cki

2.12. Installing as a normal Nginx module without using the installer	=>	installing-as-a-normal-nginx-module-without-using-the-installer-1kkpes5

2.13. Creating an Nginx init script	=>	creating-an-nginx-init-script-1kd8zg5

2.14. Disabling without uninstalling	=>	disabling-without-uninstalling-1t5tqan

2.15. Uninstalling	=>	uninstalling-phusion-passenger-wuycvb

2.16. Moving to a different directory	=>	moving-to-a-different-directory-gif3wo

3. Deploying a Rack-based Ruby application	=>	deploying-a-rack-based-ruby-application-including-rails-3--12benx3

3.1. Tutorial/example: writing and deploying a Hello World Rack application	=>	tutorial-example-writing-and-deploying-a-hello-world-rack-application-1wstx99

3.2. Deploying to a virtual host’s root	=>	deploying-to-a-virtual-host-s-root-1mh24z5

3.3. Deploying to a sub URI	=>	deploying-to-a-sub-uri-1il2qj7

3.4. Redeploying (restarting the Rack application)	=>	redeploying-restarting-the-rack-application--xnbfam

3.5. Rackup specifications for various web frameworks	=>	rackup-specifications-for-various-web-frameworks-1a2cs41

3.5.1. Camping	=>	camping-16vz2yb

3.5.2. Halcyon	=>	halcyon-1benlfl

3.5.3. Mack	=>	mack-1ezijq6

3.5.4. Merb	=>	merb-ddsh55

3.5.5. Ramaze	=>	ramaze-1p2zod

3.5.6. Sinatra	=>	sinatra-a7u9ag

4. Deploying a WSGI (Python) application	=>	deploying-a-wsgi-python-application-1or2efo

4.1. Tutorial/example: writing and deploying a Hello World WSGI application	=>	tutorial-example-writing-and-deploying-a-hello-world-wsgi-application-k5ron2

4.2. Deploying to a virtual host’s root	=>	deploying-to-a-virtual-host-s-root-f02erj

4.3. Deploying to a sub URI	=>	deploying-to-a-sub-uri-37q0ou

4.4. Redeploying (restarting the WSGI application)	=>	redeploying-restarting-the-wsgi-application--10zdh2k

4.5. Sample passenger_wsgi.py for Django	=>	sample-passenger-wsgi-py-for-django-1cvndls

5. Deploying a Node.js application	=>	deploying-a-node-js-application-15wbczd

6. Deploying a Meteor application	=>	deploying-a-meteor-application-1b51wl9

7. Configuring Phusion Passenger	=>	configuring-phusion-passenger-1g1svey

7.1. passenger_root <directory>	=>	passenger-root-directory--bqvhhz

7.2. Deployment options	=>	deployment-options-1a1vxsp

7.2.1. passenger_enabled <on|off>	=>	passenger-enabled-on-off--1rpb2t7

7.2.2. passenger_base_uri <uri>	=>	passenger-base-uri-uri--1xtuo50

7.2.3. passenger_document_root <path>	=>	passenger-document-root-path--1pge8kd

7.3. Application loading options	=>	application-loading-options-f3skts

7.3.1. passenger_ruby <filename>	=>	passenger-ruby-filename--1gnok5k

7.3.2. passenger_python <filename>	=>	passenger-python-filename--14p554

7.3.3. passenger_nodejs <filename>	=>	passenger-nodejs-filename--16hzjsv

7.3.4. passenger_meteor_app_settings <filename>	=>	passenger-meteor-app-settings-filename--1toqnaz

7.3.5. passenger_app_env <string>	=>	passenger-app-env-string--qjeimp

7.3.6. rails_env <string>	=>	rails-env-string--jlh7v9

7.3.7. rack_env <string>	=>	rack-env-string--tqmrt0

7.3.8. passenger_app_root <path/to/root>	=>	passenger-app-root-path-to-root--1dbudc6

7.3.9. passenger_app_group_name <name>	=>	passenger-app-group-name-name--11jrx8u

7.3.10. passenger_app_type <name>	=>	passenger-app-type-name--g9zccv

7.3.11. passenger_startup_file <filename>	=>	passenger-startup-file-filename--y4gy1m

7.3.12. passenger_spawn_method <string>	=>	passenger-spawn-method-string--1sc6njl

7.3.13. passenger_env_var <name> <value>	=>	passenger-env-var-name-value--y8e7wh

7.3.14. passenger_load_shell_envvars <on|off>	=>	passenger-load-shell-envvars-on-off--fw5u4l

7.3.15. passenger_rolling_restarts <on|off>	=>	passenger-rolling-restarts

7.3.16. passenger_resist_deployment_errors <on|off>	=>	passenger-resist-deployment-errors-on-off--k9yf1

7.4. Security options	=>	security-options-1bv93g4

7.4.1. passenger_user_switching <on|off>	=>	passenger-user-switching-on-off--1p37u3l

7.4.2. passenger_user <username>	=>	passenger-user-username--b06ur7

7.4.3. passenger_group <group name>	=>	passenger-user-group-name--1fco4j7

7.4.4. passenger_default_user <username>	=>	passenger-default-user-username--1h6cdmf

7.4.5. Passenger_default_group <group name>	=>	passenger-default-group-group-name--1qxn2qa

7.4.6. passenger_show_version_in_header <on|off>	=>	passenger-show-version-in-header-on-off--2h49av

7.4.7. passenger_friendly_error_pages <on|off>	=>	passenger-friendly-error-pages-on-off--1ti1a0e

7.5. Resource control and optimization options	=>	resource-control-and-optimization-options-xd7evs

7.5.1. passenger_max_pool_size <integer>	=>	passenger-max-pool-size-integer--3jzefs

7.5.2. passenger_min_instances <integer>	=>	passenger-min-instances-integer--uclykt

7.5.3. passenger_max_instances <integer>	=>	passenger-max-instances

7.5.4. passenger_max_instances_per_app <integer>	=>	passenger-max-instances-per-app-integer--1xhbbne

7.5.5. passenger_pool_idle_time <integer>	=>	passenger-pool-idle-time-integer--xcw65o

7.5.6. passenger_max_preloader_idle_time <integer>	=>	rails-app-spawner-idle-time-integer--1xjqe4b

7.5.7. passenger_start_timeout <seconds>	=>	passenger-start-timeout-seconds--8xn504

7.5.8. passenger_concurrency_model <process|thread>	=>	passenger-concurrency-model-process-thread--brcvkk

7.5.9. passenger_thread_count <number>	=>	passenger-thread-count-number--1kd6ffy

7.5.10. passenger_max_requests <integer>	=>	passenger-max-requests-integer--sgzint

7.5.11. passenger_max_request_time <seconds>	=>	passenger-max-request-time-seconds--1htog2g

7.5.12. passenger_memory_limit <integer>	=>	passenger-memory-limit-integer--1ry7dwx

7.5.13. passenger_stat_throttle_rate <integer>	=>	passenger-stat-throttle-rate-integer--xzjbry

7.5.14. passenger_pre_start <url>	=>	passenger-pre-start-url--npldeb

7.6. Connection handling options	=>	connection-handling-options-8jgq90

7.6.1. passenger_set_header <HTTP header name> <value>	=>	passenger-set-cgi-param-cgi-environment-name-value--rx9gc0

7.6.2. passenger_max_request_queue_size <number>	=>	passenger-max-request-queue-size-number--i0te1b

7.6.3. passenger_request_queue_overflow_status_code <code>	=>	passenger-request-queue-overflow-status-code-code--1wcwuxl

7.6.4. passenger_sticky_sessions <on|off>	=>	passenger-sticky-sessions-on-off--lwvbxs

7.6.5. passenger_sticky_sessions_cookie_name	=>	passenger-sticky-sessions-cookie-name-8hrox9

7.6.6. passenger_ignore_client_abort <on|off>	=>	passenger-ignore-client-abort

7.6.7. passenger_intercept_errors <on|off>	=>	passenger-intercept-errors-1uvcb9x

7.6.8. passenger_pass_header <header name>	=>	passenger-pass-header-header-name--1cg31je

7.6.9. passenger_ignore_headers <header names…>	=>	passenger-ignore-headers-header-names--12zg5oh

7.6.10. passenger_headers_hash_bucket_size <size>	=>	passenger-headers-hash-bucket-size-size--zx1rwf

7.6.11. passenger_headers_hash_max_size <size>	=>	passenger-headers-hash-max-size-size--1vl0i9u

7.6.12. passenger_buffer_response <on|off>	=>	passenger-buffer-response

7.6.13. passenger_response_buffer_high_watermark <bytes>	=>	passenger-response-buffer-high-watermark-bytes--ranajv

7.6.14. passenger_buffer_size	=>	passenger-buffer-size-1jfkq87

7.6.15. passenger_buffers	=>	passenger-busy-buffers

7.6.16. passenger_busy_buffers_size	=>	passenger-busy-buffer-size-124sj61

7.7. Logging and debugging options	=>	logging-and-debugging-options-14e91ni

7.7.1. passenger_log_level <integer>	=>	passenger-log-level-integer--17snhon

7.7.2. passenger_log_file <filename>	=>	passenger-debug-log-file-filename--21ubaj

7.7.3. PassengerFileDescriptorLogFile <filename>	=>	passengerfiledescriptorlogfile-filename--bqbga8

7.7.4. passenger_debugger <on|off>	=>	passenger-debugger-on-off--1wkuq85

7.8. Advanced options	=>	advanced-options-hnuhqz

7.8.1. passenger_instance_registry_dir <directory>	=>	passenger-instance-registry-dir-directory--1jl6zij

7.8.2. passenger_data_buffer_dir <directory>	=>	passenger-data-buffer-dir-directory--1isg9cm

7.8.3. passenger_fly_with <socket filename>	=>	passenger-fly-with-socket-filename--1amd1xn

7.9. Deprecated or removed options	=>	deprecated-options-1dtzo0g

7.9.1. rails_spawn_method	=>	rails-spawn-method-17vdnpt

7.9.2. passenger_debug_log_file	=>	passenger-debug-log-file-1aqru34

8. Troubleshooting	=>	troubleshooting-1pt0c76

8.1. Generic troubleshooting tips	=>	generic-troubleshooting-tips-xhe4nu

8.2. Why does the first request take a long time?	=>	why-does-the-first-request-take-a-long-time--1knj9fp

8.3. Upon accessing the web app, Nginx reports a "Permission denied" error	=>	upon-accessing-the-web-app-nginx-reports-a-permission-denied-error-1wgatlk

8.4. I get "command not found" when running a Phusion Passenger command through sudo	=>	i-get-command-not-found-when-running-a-phusion-passenger-command-through-sudo-10fzwno

8.5. The application thinks its not on SSL even though it is	=>	the-application-thinks-its-not-on-ssl-even-though-it-is-1e2m21h

8.6. Ruby on Rails-specific troubleshooting	=>	ruby-on-rails-specific-troubleshooting-n8u5u1

8.6.1. The "About your application’s environment" link does not work	=>	the-about-your-application-s-environment-link-does-not-work-9p7b2g

8.6.2. The Rails application reports that it’s unable to start because of a permission error	=>	the-rails-application-reports-that-it-s-unable-to-start-because-of-a-permission-error-58ww8s

8.6.3. The Rails application’s log file is not being written to	=>	the-rails-application-s-log-file-is-not-being-written-to-9m2i5h

9. Analysis and system maintenance	=>	analysis-and-system-maintenance-1nnlnj8

9.1. Inspecting memory usage	=>	inspecting-memory-usage-1k6y8v0

9.2. Inspecting Phusion Passenger’s internal status	=>	inspecting-phusion-passenger-s-internal-status-v36wbc

9.3. Debugging frozen applications	=>	debugging-frozen-applications-qoctl8

9.4. Accessing individual application processes	=>	accessing-individual-application-processes-1qe4fqk

9.5. Attaching an IRB console to an application process	=>	attaching-an-irb-console-to-an-application-process-d36enw

10. Tips	=>	tips-n4c22d

10.1. User Switching (security feature)	=>	user-switching-security--zmsy9o

10.1.1. Requirements	=>	requirements-15ozqdj

10.1.2. Effects	=>	effects-nd2m44

10.1.3. Caveats & troubleshooting	=>	caveats-troubleshooting-mbw582

10.1.4. Red Hat and CentOS caveats	=>	red-hat-and-centos-caveats-ilqxyl

10.1.5. Finding out what user an application is running as	=>	finding-out-what-user-an-application-is-running-as-1ni7zk6

10.2. Copy-on-write memory support (reducing memory consumption of Ruby applications)	=>	reducing-memory-consumption-of-ruby-on-rails-applications-by-33--1o3z66q

10.3. Tuning for Server Sent Events and WebSockets	=>	tuning-for-server-sent-events-and-websockets-8ec9td

10.4. Bundler support	=>	bundler-support-19v1h43

10.4.1. Does Phusion Passenger itself need to be added to the Gemfile?	=>	does-phusion-passenger-itself-need-to-be-added-to-the-gemfile--xn1a11

10.5. Installing multiple Ruby on Rails versions	=>	installing-multiple-ruby-on-rails-versions-1bp1fff

10.6. Making the application restart after each request	=>	making-the-application-restart-after-each-request-vimy48

10.7. How to fix broken images/CSS/JavaScript URIs in sub-URI deployments	=>	how-to-fix-broken-images-css-javascript-uris-in-sub-uri-deployments-11mzwt6

10.8. Out-of-Band Work and Out-of-Band Garbage Collection	=>	out-of-band-work-and-out-of-band-garbage-collection-v89lu2

10.9. Hooks	=>	hooks-qrxle1

10.9.1. Example	=>	example-1orara9

10.9.2. Environment	=>	environment-10uhg8m

10.9.3. Blocking and concurrency	=>	blocking-and-concurrency-g5njp1

10.9.4. Error handling	=>	error-handling-m78oxs

10.9.5. Compatibility	=>	compatibility-132b3ns

10.9.6. Available hooks	=>	available-hooks-11w1prq

10.10. Flying Passenger	=>	flying-passenger-137qg5e

10.10.1. Requirements	=>	requirements-194ysj6

10.10.2. Basic usage	=>	basic-usage-1qtgvwx

10.10.3. Configuring Flying Passenger	=>	configuring-flying-passenger-n558np

10.10.4. Managing the Flying Passenger daemon	=>	managing-the-flying-passenger-daemon-vjmzdh

10.10.5. Using Flying Passenger with MRI 1.8 or JRuby	=>	using-flying-passenger-with-mri-1-8-or-jruby-pxho35

10.10.6. Caveats and limitations	=>	caveats-and-limitations-15wakf

11. Under the hood	=>	under-the-hood-8uney

11.1. Page caching support	=>	page-caching-support-nafhf6

11.2. Phusion Passenger and its relationship with Ruby	=>	phusion-passenger-and-its-relationship-with-ruby-1hub1pa

11.2.1. How Ruby is used	=>	how-ruby-is-used-j7g2a4

11.2.2. When the system has multiple Ruby interpreters	=>	when-the-system-has-multiple-ruby-interpreters-fwn3t

11.3. How Phusion Passenger detects whether a virtual host is a web application	=>	how-phusion-passenger-detects-whether-a-virtual-host-is-a-web-application-13qbmhn

12. Appendix A: About this document	=>	appendix-a-about-this-document-zfvixm

13. Appendix B: Terminology	=>	appendix-b-terminology-wzv5ro

13.1. Application root	=>	application-root-1fd6bqv

13.2. Idle process	=>	idle-process-13byfw9

13.3. Inactive process	=>	inactive-process-1d2h0po

14. Appendix C: Spawning methods explained	=>	appendix-c-spawning-methods-explained-tcp8e6

14.1. The most straightforward and traditional way: direct spawning	=>	the-most-straightforward-and-traditional-way-conservative-spawning-civ29z

14.2. The smart spawning method	=>	the-smart-spawning-method-7nhgtj

14.2.1. How it works	=>	how-it-works-f9umga

14.2.2. Summary of benefits	=>	summary-of-benefits-qovyvk

14.3. Smart spawning caveat #1: unintentional file descriptor sharing	=>	smart-spawning-gotcha-1-unintentional-file-descriptor-sharing-cebw6q

14.3.1. Example 1: Memcached connection sharing (harmful)	=>	example-1-memcached-connection-sharing-harmful--1wfs3ad

14.3.2. Example 2: Log file sharing (not harmful)	=>	example-2-log-file-sharing-not-harmful--ox4yfy

14.4. Smart spawning caveat #2: the need to revive threads	=>	smart-spawning-gotcha-2-the-need-to-revive-threads-1ey176o

15. Appendix D: About environment variables	=>	appendix-d-about-environment-variables-1t2cuff

15.1. Working with environment variables	=>	working-with-environment-variables-1kmvq8w

15.2. The PATH environment variable	=>	the-path-environment-variable-vlp05e

15.2.1. Adding Phusion Passenger’s administration tools to PATH	=>	adding-phusion-passenger-s-administration-tools-to-path-1flz2tu

15.3. Making environment variables permanent	=>	making-environment-variables-permanent-1wjyhzt

15.3.1. bash	=>	bash-19xsxec

15.3.2. Apache	=>	apache-9hqtyj

15.3.3. Nginx	=>	nginx-157dpwy

15.3.4. cron	=>	cron-1nuc9cz

15.3.5. Phusion Passenger-served apps	=>	phusion-passenger-served-apps-uiewl5

15.4. Environment variables and sudo	=>	environment-variables-and-sudo-10lphxn

